EG5EES Exploitation of power systems IX: 2+2+0
Power system operation, control and planing and their relationships. Operational characteristics of loads, networks and power stations. Supply – demand balances. Optimal operation (economic dispatching, unit commitment, hydro-thermal coordination, reserve calculations, optimal maintenance scheduling). Security and reliability. SCADA/EMS systems. Power quality concept. Tariffications. Power systems organization.
EG5OR Management IX: 3+1+0
Operating systems and operations management: the context of operational management, industrial organization, management science methodology, history of management science, organizational structure. Microeconomics: utility function, supply and demand function, production, revenue, profit, cost control, linear regression, econometric models. Forecasting: importance of forecasting, qualitative and quantitative methods, time series analysis. Planning: planning concepts, types of plan in organization, modeling of planning process, resource allocation, job scheduling, assignment problem, transportation problem, linear programming, simplex method, duality in linear programming, shadow prices. Decision analysis: structuring decision process, decision making in uncertainty, decision making under risk, investment analysis and decision, multicriteria decision making, decision support systems. Location of facilities: factors influencin location decision, the layout of facilities, material handling, minimizing transportation cost. Project management, project planning, Gannt charts, network diagrams, critical path method, PERT/time, PERT/cost. Inventory management: inventory cost, reviewing and replenishment policies, mathematical models in inventory control, just in time production and inventory system. Quality assurance and maintenance: total quality control, classical statistical methods, quality standards, reliability and maintainability, maintenance systems, renewal models. Information technology and trends in management.
Recommended textbooks:
1. Joseph Martinich, Production and Operations Management : An Applied Modern Approach; John Wiley & Sons; (1996) 944 pages
2. Richard J. Tersine, Production / Operations Management: Concepts,
3. Joseph G. Monks, Operations Management Theory And Practice, Second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985, 728+48 pages
4. Ray Wild, Production And Operations Management, Fourth Edition, Cassel, London , 1989, 792 pages.
EG5VO High voltage equipment IX: 2+2+0
Classification of switching equipment. Electrical contacts. Contact resistance computation in the case of punctual contact. The resistance of the planar contacts. Contacts heating. Division solid contacts into segments. Design of the fixed, switchable contacts and arcing contacts. Contact materials. Contact erosion when switching direct current. Electrical Arc in switching apparatus. Stationary electrical arc. Arc extinguishing in the DC electrical circuits. Serial and shunt resistors insertion during switching operations in DC electrical circuits. The basical principles of arc extinguishing. Influence of the type of medium in arcing chamber. Transient Recovery Voltage. Circuit breaker terminal short circuit. Short line fault (Kilometric fault). Critical distance to the fault location. Small inductive currents interruption. Current chopping effect. Virtual current chopping. Capacitive currents interruption. Dielectric strength of the intercontact gap. Dielectric break down. Residual arc and thermal break down. Circuit breaker and network interaction. Circuit breakers design. Low oil circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers, puffer SF6, auto expansion and with rotating arc SF6 circuit breakers. Air blast circuit breakers. Circuit breaker selection. Circuit breaker exploitation.
EG5OE General power engineering IX: 2+1+0
Introduction. The past and the future of energy. Renewable energy resources. Aims and objectives. The power of the wind. Photovoltaics. Solar water heating. Geothermal heat pumps. Hydropower. Marine current and water technologies. Bioenergy. Power generation from landfill gas. Energy from waste. Cogeneration. Fuel cells. Mathematical model of stochastic generation power sources. Calculation process to determine the cyclic generation unit nominal power and costs. New energy technologies. Aims and objectives. Primary, secondary and usable energy. Possibilities for substitution. Exergy and anergy. Hydrocarbon reserves evaluation and new extraction technologies. In situ coal gasification. New combustion systems. Hydrogen as basic product and fuel. Nuclear fusion and superconductivity. Energy menagement systems. Energy storage systems. Nuclear reactors of the future: the pebble-bed reactor. Flywheels. Coal. Classification. Reserves. Methodology. Oil and earth gas. Reserves. Methodology. Nuclear fuel. Reserves. Methodology. Industrial power generation economics. Cogeneration overwiev. Steam-turbine cogeneration cycles. Gas-turbine cycles. Economics of cogeneration. Basic elements of planning. Dealing with uncertainities. Planning period. Planning errors. Energy and environment. Aims and objectives. Basic concepts and air pollution. Water and other environmental pollution.
EG5PES Planning of power engineering systems IX: 2+2+0
Introduction. Engineering economy. Interest rate. Depreciation. Time value of money. Single-payment interest factors. Uniform series factors. Cash flow diagram. Minimal attractive rate of return. Inflation series. Non-uniform cash flow profiles. Measuring the worth of investments. Present worth method. Annual worth method. Future worth method. Internal rate of return method. Payback period method. Benefit/cost method. Depreciation and income tax considerations. Accelerated cost recovery system. Straight-line depreciation. Sum of years digits depreciation. Electricity load demand forecasting. Load forecasting methodologies. Least squares method. Calculation process for different equations. Dispersion diagram. Estimation by correlation equation. Calculation process of correlation equations. Generation system planning. Percent reserve evaluation. Loss of the largest generating unit method. Loss of load probability (LOLP) method. Maximum unit capacity. Economical unit capacity. Production simulation. Load diagram. Fuel unit costs. Generator unit costs. Dynamic programming. Bellman s optimality principle. Hydro power plant characteristics. Thermal power plant characteristics. Power/energy diagram. Production simulation with network constraints. LOLP method. Basic probability theory. Basic reliability concepts. Static generating capacity reliability evaluation. Capacity outage probability tables. Risk variation with system peak load. Risk variation with unit additions. Network components failure. Composite system reliability evaluation. Power system network planning. Steady state security. Power system network planning methods. DC load flow method. Succesive expansion method. Sensitivity method. Efficiency index. Network operation simulation. Measures to alleviate overloads. Network losses. Methods for approximate component and network loss calculations. Comparison among network loss assessment, load-demand forecasting and generation forecasting methodology. Electrical power system in the deregulated environment. Open access network.
EG5RES Power systems control IX: 3+2+0
Active power and frequency control. General problems. Govrening systems. Thermal energy system models. Steam turbines. Hydraulic system models. Hydraulic turbines. Load modeling. Rotor and load inertia. Response of isolated thermal and hydroelectric units. LFC in isolated and interconnected power systems. AGC in isolated and interconnected power systems. Reactive power and voltage control. Methods of voltage control. Control resource and device definition. Excitation systems. Elements, types and modeling. Excitation systems standardization. Application of tap-changing transformers to transmission systems. Static compensation systems as voltage and reactive power control devices.
EG5RZ Relay protection IX: 3+2+1
Introduction. Task of protective relaying. Dead zone of power system protection. Faults and abnormal operating conditions. General requirements for protective relaying. Sources of operative current. Relays. One and two input electromechanical relays. One and two input static relays. Time relays. Digital computer relays. Digital processing algorithms for computer relays. Power line protection. Overcurrent and directional overcurrent protection. Earth fault protection in circuit with large and small earth fault current. Longitudinal and transverse differential protection. Distance protection. Generator protection. Faults and abnormal operating conditions. Protection against: phase faults, interturn short circuits, earth stator and rotor faults, external faults and overloads. Protection of transformers. Faults and abnormal conditions. Differential, gas, overload, overcurrent and against faults to tank protection. Busbar protection. Low and high impedance differential busbar protection. Busbar protection of single and multi busbar systems. Backing-up of protection. Local and reserve protection. Protection of motors. General requirements. Based forms of protection used for motors. Protection of synchronous motors. Current and voltage protective transformers.
EG5TSU Engineering control systems of power engineering and distributive systems IX: 2+2+0
Concepts and elements of the SCADA systems. SCADA function (control, operation, data acquisition). Concepts of the SCADA systems in power systems. Modes of system control in the control centre (real-time control, on-line control, off-line control, study mode). Remote Terminal Unit-RTU. SCADA master station (dual computer configuration, open system design) and MMI. EMS applications. Training and it's requirements. Power management system for the independent system operator. Distributed RTU architecture (substation SCADA). Database and user interface of the SCADA/EMS. AGC (the control problem-classical and non-classical AGC). Restructuring and it's impact on SCADA/EMS design. Programmable logic controllers-PLC's (introduction, hardware, programming, selection and installation, application, PLC's and local area networks, PC and PLC's). Information and control structures in power systems. Data processing and communications. Communication protocols in power systems. SCADA systems in hydro-power and thermal-power plant, in substations and industrial. On-line state estimation and parameter estimation in power systems. Basic approaches. Weighted least squares estimation. Model parameter identification. Detection and identification of bad data. Measurement system selection. Robust estimation. Distribution system management. Reconfiguration of distribution networks. Optimal planning of distribution networks. Steady-state security assesment. Steady-state contingency analysis. Network based contingency selection. Equivalents of external systems.
EG5EMN Electrical measuring of nonelectrical quantities IX: 2+2+0
EG5IMI Insulating materials and insulation in power engineering IX: 2+2+0
EG5KT Power cabling engineering IX: 2+2+0
Constructional elements of insulated cables. Types of the conductors. Types of the insulation. Protective sheaths. Protection against corrosion. Electrical screening. Types of construction of low- and high-voltage cables. Power cables for special applications. High- and extra-high-voltage cables. Planning of cable installations. Cable rated voltages. Current-carrying capacity in normal operation. Short-circuit conditions. Resistance and resistance per unit length of conductor. Inductance and inductance per unit length. Capacitance and capacitance per unit length. Insulation resistance, insulation resistance per unit length and lickage. Determination of voltage drop. Economic optimization of cable size. Interference of power cables with control and telecommunication cables. Laying and installation. Cable accessories. Electrical measurements in the cable installation, as installed. Voltage tests. Locating faults.
EG5APE Acustic problems of power energetics IX: 2+2+0
EG5PRE Computer-aided design in power engineering IX: 2+1+2
Introduction. Scope of Computer aided design (CAD) in power systems. Basic components of CAD. Modules, functions, components, graphics standards, Window Management, Engineering application. The Process aspect of CAD in power systems. Modeling of the design process, Differences between conventional design and CAD in power systems, The environment of CAD, The organization,Engineering methods of CAD in power systems. Geometry Handling, 3D Modeling, Numerical methods (Finite element methods, simulation, applications) Programming languages. Application of programming languages in power systems (Fortran, Matlab for Windows, Simulink, Visual Studio (Basic and C++), EXCEL, Autocad). The application of software packages in power systems. The software package for grounding grid impulse characteristics calculation - GIC, Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP / ATP + ATPDraw), EPLAN, AUTOCAD, The finite element methods - ANSIS.Project Management. Application of Microsoft Project in project management.
EG5SEI Special electrical installations IX: 3+2+0
Short-circuit currents: calculation of the values and the effects of the short-circuit currents in electrical installations, relevant characteristics of the protective devices and endurance of the electrical installation components at the short-circuits.
Independent and non-interruptible electrical power sources: basics of possible structures, diesel-electrical generators, accumulators, semiconductors (static) non-interruptible power supply, solar generators, wind generators - basic electrical characteristics and system design.
Electrical installation on transport objects: road vehicles, ships, railway cars - supply with an electrical energy, concepts of an electrical energy distribution and electrical energy consumers.
Industrial consumers with high powers and with special characteristics (electrical power quality) - physical fundamentals, quantification of phenomena and corrections of the implications: high starting currents and instantaneous voltage drops, influence of the consumers with accumulated energy to the short-circuit currents, flickers, magnetic asymmetry at the consumers of high powers and low rated voltages, voltage harmonic distortion due to the presents of non-linear load.
Electrical installations in public objects: sport halls, hospitals, computer centres and remote control centres: concepts of modern systems of remote acquisition and control systems.
Protective electrical installations: fire protection, protection in the explosion hazardous areas, static electricity protection and corrosion protection.
The students project is mandatory.
EG5MUE Digital control of electrical drives IX: 3+1+1
Review of digital implementations of discrete time controllers; Von Neuman - based, DSP-based and FPGA-based digital controllers and their specific characteristics as used in power converters and electrical drives (PCED).
Input and output peripherals: Measured quantities and feedback devices in PCED; current, shaft speed and position, flux and torque, pressure and temperature. Typical actuators; SCR converters, H-bridge, 3-phase inverters, space vector modulation, basics on AC/AC converter control. Noise and resolution aspects of A/D and R/D conversion, anti-aliasing analog filters and digital postfiltering, resolution increase by oversampling based on the PWM noise.
Specific properties of on-board-peripherals digital drive controller and off-chip peripheral solutions.
Digital implementation of PCED-control algorithms: Electromechanical and AC/DC power conversion sections of electrical drives; communication and the signal flow between the power and the control sections. Digitally controlled power converter as the driving force of a controlled electrical drive. Discrete time implementation of the field orientation concept in alternating current machines. Influence of magnetic saturation, nonlinearities, parasitic effects and the parameter uncertainty on the drive performance. Stator current controllers in AC drives: analog-based, hybrid and full-digital solutions. Torque control in AC induction motor drives. Digitally controlled AC motors as the servo actuators in machine tool, industrial manipulator and robotics applications. Electromagnetic resolvers, incremental and absolute encoders. Control structures dedicated to synchronous permanent magnet servo motors. Basic implementations of sensorless drives.
Laboratory for microprocessor control of electrical drives and power converters is available for experimental work.
EG5REP Control Of Electrical Drives IX: 2+2+1
GENERAL: Controlled electrical drive as a feedback system (the purpose of control, current, speed and position feedback, controllers and other elements, stability, static and dynamic performance). Methods of analysis (frequency domain or time domain). Implementation (analog or digital).
DC DRIVES: Voltage control (static and dynamic characteristics of generators and converters, speed feedback system, cascade system with current and speed controllers, cascade system with position control). Field control (characteristics and coordination). Analysis and synthesis (dynamic block diagram, it's transformation, analysis by means of computer simulation, by examining system matrix, choice of structure, optimal gains and time constants, adaptation, observers). Examples of realized systems.
AC DRIVES: Voltage/frequency control with current and speed feedback, with speed feedback and rotor frequency regulator. Drives with voltage (VSI) and current source inverter (CSI), with current regulated pulse with modulated inverter (CRPWM). Vector control (decoupling of torque and field control, flux acquisition, indirect methods, influence of rotor time constant, block diagram of a complete system, computer simulation). Direct torque control, principles, control methods, regulator structures. Induction motor with two sided supply (doubly fed induction motor).
EG5EO Lighting IX: 3+2+0
Fundamentals of light. Lamps (incandescent lamps, tubular fluorescent lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps, metal-halide lamps, low-pressure sodium lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, QL induction lamp systems). Luminaires (basic requirements, types, classification). Interior lighting (lighting parameters, lighting design and calculations, application fields). Exterior lighting. Application fields (road lighting, lighting of residential and pedestrian areas, floodlighting of buildings and areas).
EG5EP2 Power converters 2 IX: 2+2+1
Cycloconverter circuits. Basic principles of operation. Single-phase and three-phase cycloconverters. Operation with reactive loads. Instantaneous voltage, current, and power in a single-phase ac circuit. Voltage control of single-phase inverters. Pulse-width-modulation (PWM). Single and multiple PWM, sinusoidal and modified sinusoidal PWM, and Phase-displacement control. Resonant converters, Zero-Voltage, Zero-Current switching. Power supplies, isolation between the source and load, height power density, controlled direction of power flow, and conversion efficiency. Optimizing the utility interface with power electronics systems. Passive circuits. Active shaping of the input line current. Control block diagram and control modes are described.
EG5EM2 Electrical machines 2 IX: 3+2+0
INDUCTION MOTOR
A Transient Model of the Induction Machine
An Alternate Form of Transient Model
Instantaneous Power and Torque Relations
Steady-State Analysis
Modeling of Saturation Effects
Modeling of deep Rotor Bar Effects
Variable-Voltage, Variable-Frequency Operation
Effects of Voltage Harmonics
Speed Control by Rotor-Power Recovery
Unbalanced Operation
Operation with One Phase Open
Practical Windings and Space Harmonics
Linear Induction Motors
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS, MOTORS
Modeling of Synchronous Machines
Cylindrical-Rotor Machines
Representation of Magnetic Saturation
Modeling of Saliency
Measurement of Parameters
Electrical Transient Performance
Electromechanical Transient Performance
Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors
Hysteresis Motors
Variable-Frequency Synchronous Motor Drives
Open-Loop Drive Systems
Self-Controlled Drive Systems
Switched Reluctance Motor Drives
Stepper Motor Drives
ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES; Gordon R. Slemon
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY; Fitzgerald, Kingsley, Kusko
ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION; C.R. Chapman