TE4STT Statistical theory of telecommunications VII: 2+0+1 VIII: 1+2+1

Introduction. Deterministic and probabilistic approach to communication problems. The general model of communication system. Stochastic (random) processes. Typical distributions (Gaussian, binomial, Poisson, uniform). Comment on Central limit theorem. Ensemble. Time averages, ensemble averages and ergodicity. Autocorrelation function of a random process. Power density. Wiener-Khinchine theorem. White noise. Pseudo-random sequences. Basics of Information theory. Quantity of information. Memoryless sources. Entropy. Sources with memory. Source coding theorem. Hufmann coding. LZ codes. Binary symmetric channel. Gilbert channel model. Transinformation. Capacity. Channel coding theorem. Error control coding. Block codes. Convolutional codes. The Viterbi algorithm. Rate distortion theory. Basics of Statistical decision theory. Hypothesis testing. Bayes', minimax and Neuman-Pearson criteria. Detection of periodic signals in white Gaussian noise by correlation methods. Optimum filtering (Wiener). Matched filter. Narrowband noise, Rayleigh and Rice distributions. Comments on probability of error for various modulation schemes. On the optimum binary transmission.

TE4OT Optoelectronic telecommunications VII: 2+0+1 VIII: 1+1+1

1. Historical perspective. Five generations of optoelectronic communication systems.

2. The nature of light. Linear polarization. Elliptical and circular polarization. Basic optical laws and definitions.

2.1.Fiber types. Maxwell\'s equations. Waveguide equations. Wave equations for step-index fibers. Modal equation. Modes in step-index fibers. Linearly polarized modes. Power flow in step-index fibers. Single-mode fibers. Propagation modes in single-mode fibers. Graded-index fiber structure.

2.2. Signal Degradation in optical fibers. Attenuation. Group delay. Material dispersion. Waveguide dispersion. Polarization-mode dispersion. Intermodal distortion.

3. Sources of optical signals.

3.1. Lasers. Emission and absorption of light in a system with two energy levels. Einstein relation and inversion population. Amplification in laser medium with two energy levels. Conditions for lasing and light amplification in semiconductors. Absorption and spontaneous emission in semiconductors. Relationship between Maxwell equations and optical amplification. Longitudinal modes and intermodal spacing. Principle of work of a semiconductor laser. Threshold current. Output laser power and efficiency. Temperature effects. Heterostructure lasers. Modulation characteristics of lasers. Laser response on step excitation. Relaxation oscillation. High-frequency modulation of laser diode. DFB and DBR lasers. Nanostructure lasers.

3.2 Light emitting diodes (LED). Electroluminiscence. Geometry of LED and efficiency. Characteristics of LED. Frequency response and modulation bandwidth.

4. Optical amplifiers. Types of optical amplifier. The model of amplification in optical amplifiers. Amplification configurations. Fabry-Perot amplifiers. TW-amplifires. EDFA amplifiers.

5. Photodetectors. Types of photodetectors. Photodetection process. Quantum efficiency. Responsivity. PIN photodetectors. Avalanche photodetectors. Ionization and multiplication factor. Time response of photodetector. Pulse and frequency response of photodetector. Noise of PIN and avalanche photodetector.

6. Receivers of optical signals. Quantum limit. Quantum and thermal noise. Error probability of digital optical receivers. Signal-to-noise ratio of analog optical receivers. Optimal multiplication of avalanche photodiodes.

7. Design and performances of optoelectronic communication systems. Projection of optical point-to-point links. Power budget criteria. Bandwidth criteria. Emission and distribution networks. LAN, MAN and WAN networks. SONET/SDH. WDM networks. Broadcast-and-select single-hop WDM networks. Broadcast-and-select multihop networks. The ShuffleNet multihop network. Wavelength-routed networks. Basics of coherent optical communications.

Literatura:

1. Govind P. Agrawal: "Fiber-Optics Communication Systems", John-Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1997.

2. Pallab Bhattacharaya: "Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices", Prentice Hall, 1997.

3. Gerd Keiser: "Optical_fiber Communication", 3-rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, 2000.

4. Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan: "Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective", Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 1998.

TE4RS Radio systems VII: 2+0+1 VIII: 1+2+1

Principles of the radio systems design, radio channel main properties, basics of the modern cellular radio system organization. Overvew, analysis of functioning and the main properties of contemporary(mo“modern” radio systems. Emphasis on 2G, 2.5G and 3G public land mobile radio systems.

Characterization of radio systems. Background and history. Classifications. International context, International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R. ETSI. Frequency management. Radio-system models. Classification of radio emissions.

Characterization of Radio channel. Time and space variability. Propagation path loss. Fading. Radio-noise and interference. General radio-channel models. Deterministic and statistical approaches to radio-channel modeling. Reflection, transmission, diffraction, refraction, scattering. Fresnel zone. Electric field strength prediction models and methods. Area coverage. ITU-R statistical models. Microcell models. Indoor models.

Cellular concept. Frequencies reuse and co-channel cells separation. Cellular schemes. Hand-off. Cell splitting and power reducing. Interference problems. Intermodulation. Near-far problem. Frequency planning. Basic principles of cellular system design. Traffic asspects.

Overvew, analysis of functioning and the main properties of the contemporary radio systems.

Fixed, mobile, broadcasting, aeronautical and satellite services. Modulation schemes. Coding. Simplex and duplex. Diversity schemes.

Cellular mobile radio, private and public systems. GSM and similar systems. TETRA. CDMA systems. UMTS. WLL systems. Wireless data networks. Wireless LANs. Mobile Internet.

Radio-navigation systems, terrestrial and satellite. GPS. Radar systems. HF communications systems. Broadcasting systems. Microwave radio links. Point-to-multi point radio systems, radio-relay systems. Satellite communication systems.

Environmental polution and health risks.

Homeworks, labs, computer-aided and field experimental projects,

Textbooks:

W.C.Y.Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering, Theory and Applications, McGra-Hill, 2^nd ed., 1998.
D.Parsons, The Mobile Radio Channel, 2^nd ed., Wiley, 2000.
Walker: Mobile Information Systems, 2^nd ed., Artech House, 1999.
T. Rappaport,Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2001.
Published papers, projects, excerpts from several additional books, lecture notes,
ITU-R recommendations.

TE4OS1 Signal processing 1 VII: 2+1+1

1.Discrete-time signals and systems: Discrete signals, Discrete systems, Linear- time invariant systems, Causality, Stability, Linear constant coefficient difference equations.

2.Fourier transform for discrete signals: Definitions, Properties, inverse Fourier transform, Frequency domain presentations of discrete signals and systems.

3.Z transform: Definition, Inverse z transform, Properties, Transfer function.

4.Digital processing of continues signals: Periodic sampling, Presentation in the frequency domain, Reconstruction, Digital processing of analog signals.

5.Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): Definition, Inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT), Properties, The application of DFT in spectrum analysis.

6.Fast Fourier Transform (FFT): Decimation-in-time (DIT), Decimation-in-frequency (DIF).

7.Digital filters of Finite Impulse Response (FIR): Linear phase transfer functions, Design of FIR filters by windowing, Optimal design methods.

8.Digital Filters of Infinite Impulse Response (IIR): Approximations, Impulse invariant method, Bilinear transform, IIR digital filter design.

9.Digital filter realizations: Direct structure, Direct canonical structure, Cascade realization, Parallel realization.

TE4TET Telecommunication electronics VII: 2+1+1

Analysis and design techniques for modern communication circuits.

Introduction and background. Model of a wireless link, classification of radio links. Wireless transmitters and receivers. Characteristic blocks. RF and microwave models. Equivalent parameters. Frequency-selective circuits and networks. Matching and filtering. Transmitting devices. Tuned power amplifiers, Amplitude and phase/frequency modulation circuits. Receiving devices. Tuned input circuits, tuned HF voltage amplifiers, selective IF amplifiers. Amplitude, phase and frequency detectors. Wideband amplifier techniques. Low-noise amplifiers. Variable-gain amplifiers.

Homeworks, labs. Projects

Textbooks:

Dj.Paunović, RADIOTEHNIKA – Zbirka rešenih problema, Nauka, 1997.
J. Smith, Modern Communication Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2^nd ed., 1997.
L. Larson, RF and Microwave circuit Design for Wireless Communications, Artech House, 1996.
Additional excerpts from several books, lecture notes.

TE4TM Telecommunication networks VII: 3+1+0

1. Introduction to telecommunication networks: History of telecommunication networks. Networking principles. Telecommunication services. Transport networks and Service enetworks concepts. Standards and regulatory aspects. (1w)

2. Network examples: Transport networks ( access, core). Service networks (Telephone networks, Wide area data communications networks, Local area networks, Metropolitan area networks, Narrow and wideband integrated data networks, Radio-based networks, Satellite networks, Mobile communication networks, Cable television). Control networks. (1w)

3. Introduction to queueing theory: Elementary service system model. Continuous-time discrete event process. General Birth-Death and Poisson processes service models. General service model. Models with priority queueing. Networks of elementary service systems. Application to various multiplexing techniques. (4w)

4. Layered architectures in data networks: Concept of laying (layer, services, protocols, functions), OSI, TCP/IP and other models. (1w)

5. Data link functions and protocols: Structure and functions of datalink control protocols. Frame format and frame identification. Error control. HDLC, LAPB and other examples. (1w)

6. Multiple access communication procedures : Goals and general performances. Fixed assignement shemes. Random access techniques. Centralized demand schemes. Distributed demand schemes. Hybrid schemes. Applications in Local and Metropoliten networks (Ethernet, IEEE 802 family, DQDB). (1w)

7. Network layer functions and protocols: General overview, Routing in packet switched networks (virtual circuit and datagram routing, shortest-path routing procedures, hierarhical routing, table-free routing, multidestination routing). Flow and congestion control (behaviour of uncontrolled networks, elements of control procedures, buffer allocation schemes, window schemes, network access shemes). Network protocol examples (X25, IP, ATM). (2w)

8. Functions and Ttransport lazer protocols: Type of quality service. Multiplexing. Error detection and recovery. Flow control. Internet protocols TCP and UDP. ATM AAL protocols. (1w)

8. High layer functions ovrwiev: Internet domain name system. Network security. Network menagement. Electronic mail. WWW. Multimedia. (1w)

9. Internetworking principles: Internetwork translation elements. Interconection through bridges. Interconection through routers. Internet addresing, tunelling and multicasting. Protocol suits. Next generation data network concepts. (1w)

TE4MT Microwave engineering VII: 2+1+1

INTRODUCTION. Microwave bands. Basic properties of microwaves. Microwave applications. GUIDED WAVES. TEM, TE, TM, and hybrid waves. Attenuation. Smith chart. TRANSMISSION LINES. Coaxial line. Planar lines. Multiconductor lines. WAVEGUIDES. Rectangular waveguides. Resonators. Circular waveguides. SCATTERING PARAMETERS. Definition and basic properties. Scattering parameters of basic microwave circuits: attenuators, power dividers, directional couplers, nonreciprocal devices. MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE DEVICES. Diodes. PIN diodes. Point-contact diodes. Schottky diodes. Tunnel diodes. Step-recovery diodes. Varactor diodes. Gunn diodes. IMPATT diodes. Bipolar transistors MESFETs. Basic amplifier and oscillator circuits. Parametric amplifiers. Masers. MICROWAVE TUBES. Klystrons. Magnetrons. Traveling-wave tubes.

TE4URS Controling computer systems VII: 3+2+0

Functions of computer in control applications. Computer systems in control applications with and without feedback. Connections of computer system with controlled process. Types of computer connections with controlled process. Control of peripherall devices. Information interchanges over parallel buses. Synchronization of connection. Synchronous and asynchronous parallel buses. Standard system buses. Program organization of data interchange. Programmed input/output. Interrupt driven input/output. Basic characteristics of operating systems for real-time applications. Information interchanges trough parallel data adapters. Synchronization of connection. Standard parallel adapters - ports. Examples of specific parallel buses. Data transfer by serial buses. Synchronization of connection. Synchronous and asynchronous serial buses. Standard serial buses. Bus transmitters and receivers. Timers and real-time clocks. Programming, hardware, and programmable timers and clocks. Watch-dog timers. Standard input/output modules. AD and DA converters. Digital I/O. Optical and inductive encoders. Intelligent modules. Programmable controllers. Function and organization of programmable controllers. Typical input/output modules of programmable controllers. Integrated microcontrollers. Microcontroller organization. Input/output subsystems. Interrupts and timers. Examples of control system design. Functional requests. System components. Hardware and program realizations. D/A and A/D converters interfacing. Step-motors control.

TE4E Electroacustics VIII: 2+1+1

TE4KS Switching systems VIII: 3+1+1

1. Introduction. Telephone exchanges technology evolution - overview. Structure of simple telephone network. Telephone connection characteristics. Hypothetical digital telephone exchange block diagram. Basic functions of exchange - overview. (1w)

2. Switching function. General characteristics of switch. Analog switching network.TDM switching networks. Blocking probability estimation in TDM switching network. Switching function organization in digital telephone exchanges. (3w)

3. Analog user interface: General characteristics. Block diagram of telephone. Phone line. Analog line terminal block diagram - BORSCHT functions. User interface block diagram. Local connection service elements. Analog line terminal realization technics. (1w)

4. Digital user interface: Two-wire transmission of digital signal basics - “ping-pong” i “echo cancelation”. xDSL technologies – characteristics and overview. HDSL system block diagram. ISDN interface – architecture and user signalization. Other interfaces. (1w)

5. Digital trunking interface: Introduction. A- interface (E1 system – frame structure). Simple digital trunk block diagram. Slip problem and elastic memory. Complex digital trunk block diagram. (1w)

6. Synchronization: Need for synchronization. Autonomuos and guided oscilators. Synchronization methods. Referent line. Principal block diagram of tact generator in digital telephone exchange. (1w)

7. Signalization: Introduction. Channel-associated signaling -example D1. System with register signalization transmission over speech channel - example R2. Common channel signaling- example No7. Signaling network characteristics. (3w)

8. Auxillary functions: Tone signals generation. Tone signals receiving technique. Speech messages generation - principles. Conferention line. (1w)

9. Control function: Control function organization methods and general requirements. Hardware. Software. (1w)

10. Digital telephone exchanges – overview and development tendencies: DKTS. Eriksson AXE. Siemens EWSD. Alcatel E10. Packet telephony. Inteligent networks. (1w)

TE4OS2 Signal processing 2 VIII: 2+1+1

1.Processing of discrete random signals. Response of a linear time-invariant system to discrete random signals. White noise.

2.Finite word-length effects: Coefficient quantization error. Product quantization error. Signal scaling. Limit cycles. Low-sensitivity realization structures.

3.Integrated signal processors. Signal processor architecture: memory, arithmetic unit. Pipelining. Programs for digital signal processors.

4.Discrete complex signals. Analytical signals. Composition of an analytical signal. Narrow-band signal representation.

5.Spectrum analysis. Fourier analysis of the discrete stationary signals. Computation of the power spectrum density. Selectivity. Spectral leakage. Overlapping. Weighting functions. Application of windows. Time-dependent Fourier transform.

6.Spectrum analysis of discrete random signals. Power spectrum density. Power spectrum estimation. Periodogram. Application of the periodogram. Periodogram averaging.

7.Sampling rate conversion. Decimation and interpolation. Application of FIR filters. Realization structures.

TE4R Radio engineering VIII: 2+1+1

Advanced radio communication circuits used in radio transmitters and radio receivers, covering the frequency range up to several GHz.

Stability of selective amplifiers. Neutralization. Special amplifiers (class D, E, F and S). Digital modulators and demodulators. Automatic gain control. Automatic frequency control. Oscilators. RF and microwave frequency sinthesizers. Mixers for wireless applications. Limiters. Phase-Locked Loop. Noise. Low-power radio frequency Ics for portable communications. Constructions of antenna systems. Combiners. Duplexers. Receiving multicouplers.

Homeworks, labs. Projects.

Textbooks:

Dj.Paunović, RADIOTEHNIKA – Zbirka rešenih problema, Nauka, 1997.
J. Smith, Modern Communication Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2^nd ed., 1997.
L. Larson, RF and Microwave circuit Design for Wireless Communications, Artech House, 1996.
Additional excerpts from several books, lecture notes.

TE4RL Radiolocation VIII: 3+1+0

Subject and radar systems field of application
1. Radar as generalized communication system
2. The application of radar systems
FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND BASIC DEFINITIONS OF RADAR SYSTEMS
1. Functioning principles of adopted radar system
2. The radar coordinate systems
3. Unambiguous radar range
4. Doppler frequency
5. Some system characteristics of radar antennas
  1. Gain and effective antenna aperture
  2. Radar antenna radiation pattern
6. Radar resolution cell
7. Useful radar signal in the receiver
8. Analysis of the radar equation parameters
  1. Radar transmitter power
  2. Effective radar cross section
9. Noise in the radar receiver
  1. Thermal noise
  2. Clutter
  3. Target noise
  4. Jamming signals
10. Statistical models in radar systems
  1. Statistical models of noise
  2. Radar targets statistical models
  3. Clutter statistical models
Detection of radar signals
1. Single radar pulse probability of detection
  1. Nonfluctuating radar target
  2. Fluctuating radar target
2. Multiple pulse probability of detection
  1. Analog video processor and nonfluctuating target
  2. Analog video processor and fluctuating target
  3. Digital video processor
Radar signals
1. Range and velocity ambiguity and radar resolution
  1. Ambiguity functions for some typical radar signals
2. Discrete coded radar signals
  1. Amplitude coded radar signals
  2. Phase coded radar signals
  3. Frequency coded radar signals
DETECTION RANGE AND RADAR COVERAGE
1. Free space radar coverage
2. Ground influence on the detection range and radar coverage
3. Atmosphere influence on the detection range and radar coverage
MOVING TARGET INDICATION (MTI)
1. Spectral and correlation characteristics of the radar clutter
2. Time and frequency characteristics of clutter filter
3. Performances characterizing MTI system
  1. Clutter attenuation factor
  2. Improvement factor of MTI system
  3. Visibility factor
4. Blind velocity problem
5. MTI filters

TE4RRS Radio-relay systems VIII: 3+1+0

Engineering approach to the Microwave Radio Link Design

Propagation of microwaves. Line of sight (LoS) and non line of sight (NloS) microwave propagation. Propagation above earth surface. Atmospheric effects. Fading. Antennas for microwave links. Diversity technics.

Basic principles of microwave links. Requirements for transmission quality. Specific digital modulations schemes. Digital radio links design.

Equipments for digital radio links. Point-to-multipoint systems (basic principles and design).

Homeworks. Projects.

Textbooks:

I.Henne, P.Thorvaldsen: “Planning of line-of-sight radio relay systems”, Nera Telecommunications, Bergen 1999.
ITU-R, ITU-T Recommandations, additional excerpts from several books, lecture notes.

TE4TDP Digital communication engeneering VIII: 2+1+1

1. General model: General aspects of digital communicatin systems. Specific and generic equivalent model of digital telecommunication system. Basic parameters and criteria of digital signal transmmision. (1w)

2. Analog signal coding: Time discretization (theoretical aspects, realizations schemes, energy budget). Amplitude discretization (Rate distortion function, Scalar quantization, Vector quantization). Temporal waveform coding (PCM, DPCM ADPCM, DM, Sigma DM). Spectral waveform coding (Subband coding, Adaptive transform coding). Parametric speech coding algorithms (LPC, Analysis-synthesis, Stochastic). (4w)

3. Synchronous bit-stream transmmision: PAM signal presentation. Power spectrum. Niquist criteria. Error probability for basic baseband and passband modulation schemes. (3w)

4. Hronosignals: Characteristics of of chronosignals. Autonomous clocks. Slave clocks. Phase-locked loops (PLL) technics.Transient and stationary behaivor. Timing recovery caracteristics. (2w)

5. TDM multplexing techniques: TDM (asyinchronous, plesiochronous, synchronous). Primary E1 and T1 PCM systems. PDH hierarchy. SDH hierarchy. Examples of characteristic implementations. Frame synchronisation tecniques. Scrambling. HDB3 coding. Transport network architecture. (4w).

TE4TV1 TV engineering 1 VIII: 2+1+1

TE4DOE Digital signal processing VII: 3+2+0

Discrete signals and systems. Convolution relation for linear, time-invariant systems. Discrete-time Fourier transform: definition, properties, applications. Sampling of continuous-time signals. Sampling theorem: theoretical and practical aspects. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT): definition, properties, applications. Spectral analysis using DFT. Spectral leakage and window functions. Fast algorithms for computation of discrete Fourier transform: radix-2, radix-4, split radix, prime factor algorithms. Z transform: definition, properties, applications. Inverse z-transform. Transfer function of linear, time-invariant systems. Realization structures for discrete-time systems. Design of Infinite impulse response (IIR) systems. Analog filter design. Frequency transformations. Impulse invariant transform, Bilinear transform. Design of Finite impulse response (FIR) systems. Basic properties of linear-phase FIR systems. Design using window functions. Design using optimization methods. Exercises: Numerical examples. Use of Matlab for the analysis and design of digital signal processing systems.

TE4DSU Digital control systems VII: 3+2+0

TE4DT Digital telecommunications VII: 3+1+1

1. General model: Specific and generic equivalent model of digital telecommunication system. Parameters and criteria of digital signal transmmision. (1w)

2. Statistical properties of digital signals: Digital amplitude pulse modulation (PAM) and digital general) modulaton signal (GFM) presentation. Statistical prpoperties of information content and digital signal. Stacionarity and ciclostacionarity. Power spectrum presentation and decomposition. Power spectrum calculation. Caracteristic examples. (1w).

3. Scrambling: Theoretical model. Pseudonoise generator design. Set-reset scramblers. Self-synchronized scramblers. Caracteristic examples. (1w)

4. Line encoding: Goals and general concepts. Channel model. General linear and precoded linear models. Nonlinear models. Examples of 1B2B, HDB3, 5B6B, MSK encoder and decoder realizations. (2w).

5.Viterby algorithm: Apstract automata concept of encoders and decoders. State diagram and trellis diagram presentation. Seqvence detection problem. Basic idea of Viterby algorithm. Detection with fixed and adaptive latence. Examples of practical implementation. (1w).

6. Equalization techniques: Channel equalizatin goals. Channel model and chanel identification methods. Adaptive equalizers (linear, decesin-feedback, fractionally-spaced, blind). Structures and caracteristic algorithms. (1w)

7. Echo cancelation: Two wire digital transmission meteods (ping-pong and echo channel cancelation). Principle of echo canceller implementation for baseband and passband model. Adaptation techniques. Implementation techniques. (1w).

8. Clock extraction techniques: Hhronosignals. Autonomous clocks. Discrete spectrum component extraction methods. Phase-locked loops (PLL) technics (ideal continuous-time PLL, discrete-time). Transient and stationary behaivor. Timing recovery caracteristics. (2w)

9. Multplexing techniques: General overview of multiplexing methods (frequency-wave, time, code); TDM (asyinchronous, plesiochronous, synchronous). Examples of caracteristic implementations. Frame synchronisation tecniques. (2w).

10. TDM multiplexing hierarchies: PDH, SONET/SDH hierarhy concepts. Block diagrams of transmmiter and receiver part. (2w).

TE4M Microelectronics VII: 2+1+1

TE4ME Mikroprocessor electronics VII: 3+2+0

TE4EMP Electrical machines and power plants VII: 3+1+1

In brief: Fundamentals of electromechanical energy conversion. Principle of operation, dynamic and steady state characteristics of: DC machines, Tesla\'s induction machines and synchronous machines. Overview of reluctance, linear motors, SR machines, permanent magnet servo motors. Fundamentals of electric energy generation, transmission and distribution. Low frequency power transformers, turbines and generators, transmission lines, power system control and protection.

Introduction. Fundamental concepts, magnetic materials and circuits, induced voltages, magnetic field energy and coenergy. Basic energy conversion processes: accumulation, electric-to-electric conversions, transmission, electromechanical conversion. Electromechanical system modeling, generalized state variables, Lagrange relation.

Electrostatic and magnetic machines: system of charged conductors in E-field, system of current contours in H-field. Mechanical subsystem, degrees of freedom, force and torque generation. Transformer and dynamic EMF, EMF and torque relation for single-fed and doubly-fed electromechanical converters. Model of electromagnetic machine, approximations, matrix form of the voltage balance equations, inductance matrix, torque generation and Newton equation. Power losses and power balance, current and flux density limits, thermal resistance and time constant, size-torque relation.

Idealized cylindrical machine, electromagnetic field in the air gap, Pointing vector calculation in cylindrical air gap space, radial and tangential power flow. Quasi Sinusoidal Winding distribution and the space filtering effect. The flux and the EMF in a Q-S distributed winding. Self and mutual inductance of Q-S dist. windings. Sinusoidal distributed stator and rotor currents. DC and AC cylindrical machines. Multi-phase windings, polyphase currents, generation of the revolving field.

DC machines. Construction: elements of magnetic circuit, stator and rotor windings, commutator and brushes. Basic operation principles. Torque and EMF generation. Excitation field, armature reaction field. Linear commutation, auxiliary poles and their windings, compensation windings. DC generators, excitation types and the output characteristic. Mechanical characteristic of separately excited DC motor, exploitation and transient M-W characteristics. Power losses and efficiency. Mechanical characteristic of series excited DC motor. Dynamic model of separately excited DC motor, starting, braking, speed control. Permanent magnet DC motors and their use in servo drives. Basic static power converters for the DC motor supply and control.

Tesla\'s asynchronous motor(AM) Elements of magnetic circuit, stator yoke, slots and teeth, the rotor lamination and the forms of rotor slots. 2-pole 3-phase stator windings, multiple pole windings; dye-casted aluminum (squirrel-cage) rotor windings, wound slip-ring rotor windings. Principle of operation: revolving field, synchronous speed and the slip frequency, the rotor EMF and current, torque generation. Modeling: 2-phase equivalent of the 3-phase machine, voltage balance equation and the inductance matrix for the 2 stator and 2 rotor physical windings. Rotational coordinate transformation into flux-synchronous (dq) coordinate frame. Dq-frame dynamic model, power balance, torque expression, mechanical losses and the Newton equation.

Derivation of the steady-state equivalent circuit. Revolving filed power, the slip power and the rotor power. Power losses and power balance in the steady state. Steady-state torque expression, mechanical and natural M-W characteristic of the AM; braking, motoring and generating regions. Breakdown torque. Phasor diagram with the AM MMF, flux, EMF and currents in the steady state. Starting torque and currents of the fixed frequency supplied AM. Starting (inrush) performance improvements through the frequency dependence of the rotor parameters (deep rotor slots, double cage). Effects of the rotor bar geometry on the mechanical characteristics. Fixed frequency supplied AM speed regulation through the voltage adjustment, pole pairs changing, external rotor resistance variation. Single-phase induction motor operation principles.

Variable frequency supplied AM, M-W characteristic frequency and voltage dependence. Breakdown torque in the field weakening, M-W curve in the field weakening with constant power and constant current. Exploitation and transient M-W characteristics of a variable frequency supplied AM. Critical speed and its parameter dependence. Fundamentals of the AM control. Drive power converter topologies and the torque/speed control approaches.

Synchronous machines (SM) Rotor magnetic circuit and windings; magnetic anisotropy and saliency, permanent magnet excitation, slip-ring electromagnet excitation, rotational transformer contactless excitation, the rotor of a reluctance SM. Windings and magnetic circuit on the stator. Principle of operation: revolving field, synchronous revolution of the rotor field and the stator MMF and flux wave. Dynamic model in the synchronous frame. Steady state equations and equivalent circuit. Phasor diagram of the stator current, flux and the EMF for symmetrical and salient pole machine. Power angle and the torque - angle relation. Electromagnet and reluctance torque. Mechanical characteristic and the peak torque capability. Active and reactive power dependence on the power angle and the excitation current. Stability of the synchronous generator response to the prime mover torque disturbance. The role of damping windings. Transient and sub-transient response of a synchronous generator. Fixed frequency supplied synchronous motors, characteristics, power losses and balance, startup procedures and synchronization. Variable frequency supplied SM as the torque actuators. Power converter topologies, local current loop and the principles of torque control. Permanent magnet servo motors with buried and surface mount magnets. Defluxing and the M-W curve in the field weakening, constant power and constant current regions. Exploitation and transient M-W characteristics of a variable frequency supplied permanent magnet SM. Fundamentals of the PMSM control, power converters, and control approaches. Fundamentals of reluctance and SR machines.

Low frequency power transformers: Magnetic circuit, primary and secondary windings of a single-phase transformer. Electromagnetic field and the primary-to-secondary power flow. Equivalent circuit, magnetizing and leakage inductance calculation for a given magnetic circuit, airgap and the inter-winding spacing. Noload and short circuit test. Problems of electrical insulation and the heat removal. Parallel operation of power transformers. Power transformers for the use in conjunction with power converters: sensitivity to DC offset and the high frequency ripple. Auto-transformers. Three phase power transformer basics.

Fundamentals of electric energy generation, transmission and distribution. Water turbines, hydro power plant elements, operation and characteristics. Steam turbines and thermal power plants. Wind power and alternative energy sources. Transformation and AC power transmission. Long distance transmission problems and high voltage DC power lines. Basic (P-f and U-Q) control loops. Control, measurement and protection equipment at the power plants, transformer and converter stations. Basic information on the electric energy distribution and the trends in power consumption.

TE4EE Power electronics VIII: 3+2+0

Steady-state analysis of DC-DC converters. Converter topologies and application area. Buck, boost, buck-boost, push-pull, full-bridge, half-bridge, flyback converter. Analysis of transients in DC-DC converters. State space averaging and linearization. Current-mode control. High power factor rectifiers. Power factor and total harmonic distortion, standards. Topologies of high power factor rectifiers, control. Inverters, uninterruptable power supplies. Machine drives. Semiconductor components in power electronics (BJT, MOSFET, diodes, thyristors, GTO, MCT, IGBT). Design of magnetic components. Noise, standards, noise reduction techniques.

TE4O Optoelectronics VIII: 3+1+1

TE4PIK IC design VIII: 3+1+2

Introduction to VLSI circuits. CMOS processing technology. Design rules and CIF format. CMOS logic structures, electrical and physical characterization of gates, clocking strategies, I/O structures, and structured design concepts. Logic circuit timing. Ring oscillators. Handling large capacitive loads. Dissipation. Noise. Students (in pairs) will design, simulate and layout mask description of digital CMOS VLSI circuits. The design will be simulated using SPICE. Circuit layout is created using LEDIT software package. A final report detailing all the work is required.

TE4SDO DSP systems VIII: 3+1+0

Architecture of integrated digital signal processors. Types of digital signal processors: scalar processors, convolution processors, vector processors, etc. Finite word length effects in fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Noise in digital signal processing systems. Nonlinear effects. The choice and realization of the second order sections. Realization of higher-order systems. Scaling. Finite word length effects in the computation of DFT. Noise, overflow effects and scaling. Multirate systems. Interpolation and decimation. Applications. Spectral analysis. DFT analysis of sinusoidal signals. Fourier analysis of stationary and nonstationary signals. Periodogram. Spectral analysis of random signals. General algorithms for digital signal processing. Signal generation. Generation of quadrature signals. Modulation, demodulation and frequency translation. Realization of nonlinear functions. Design of digital processing systems. Analysis of the problem. Choice of processor. Parallel execution of operations. Pipelining. Modules for digitalization and reconstruction of signals. Laboratory: Use of Matlab program. Software development tools for Texas Instruments TMS320C50 or Motorola DSP56001: assemblers, linkers, compilers, simulators, and emulators.

TE4TEE Telecommunication electronics VIII: 3+2+0

TE4OOP Object-oriented based programming VIII: 3+1+0

Object-oriented programming in C++: Basic Concepts of OOP, Consepts of C++ Inherited from C, Non-OO Elements of C++, Classes, Operator Overloading, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Object-oriented modeling in UML: Introduction to OO Modeling, UML, Design Patterns, Software Development Process - Analysis, Design, Implementation.

TE4URE Computer system in control applications VIII: 3+2+0

TE4DSU Digital control systems VII: 3+2+0

TE4SA Semors and actuators VII: 3+0+1

Sensor importance in automatic control. Analysis of uncertainty in measurement. Dynamic characteristics of measuring instruments. Displacement sensors. Definition of length unit - meter. Interferometers for length calibration. Resistance, capacitance and inductance motion sensors. Digital encoders - absolute and incremental. Measurement of angular velocity. Vibration measurement. Accelerometers. Piezoelectric sensors. Force and torque sensors. Strain gauges and their applications. Pressure measurement. Calibration of pressure sensors. Vacuum measurement. Various methods of fluid flow measurement. Liquid level sensors. Temperature measurement. Thermodynamic temperature scale and International temperature scale. Resistance temperature sensors, platinum and semiconductor temperature sensors. Thermocouples an their applications. Principles and design of radiation thermometers. Acquisition and processing of sensor output signals by means of computer. Importance of actuators in automatic control systems. Electromagnetic actuators. Piezoelectric and microelectronic actuators.

TE4SSE Stochastic systems and estimation VII: 3+2+0

TE4DOA Digital signal processing VIII: 3+2+0

TE4IP Identifying of processes VIII: 2+2+0

TE4RA Robotics and automation VIII: 3+2+0

Fundamentals. Flexible automation. Robots in industry. Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). Computer assistance in design (CAD), manufacturing (CAM), quality control, stocking, etc.

Elements of a manufacturing system. Material processing - technologies. CNC machines. Quality control. Transport. Assembling. Stocking. Integration of elements: flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) and system (FMS). Hierarchical control of FMS.

Robot fundamentals. Industrial and nonindustrial robots (service robots, robotic transport systems, medical robotics, etc.).

Robot configuration and motion. Geometry. Kinematics. Dynamics. Robot actuators. End-effectors.

Control of robots. Sensors. Hierarchical control scheme. PTP motion and continual motion control. Robot precision. Robot programming.

Industrial robot applications. Material transfer and machine loading and unloading. Process operations. Robots in quality control. Robotized assembly operations.

Modeling and simulation. CAD for robot mechanical structure and control system.

TE4URV Real-time automatic control VIII: 3+1+1

Introduction to real time control - Computer controlled process, real time operating conditions, timer, process and operator initiated events. Specific requirements posed on real-time operating system, operator interface and fault detection. Hardware requirements and interfacing - Interfacing to sensors and actuators, process I/O modules and data transfer techniques (polling and interrupts), modular microcomputers, embedded controllers, programmable logic controllers (PLC-s), open controllers. Distributed computer controlled systems - Information and control functions. Data acquisition, DDC control, program (preplanned) control, sequential control, supervisory control, information system. Hierarchical system structure. The three basic communication levels: process, control and information level. Communication requirements. DDC control - Model discretization and its effects. Choice of the sampling period. Sensor signal filtering, quantization effects and other implementation issues such as bumpless transfer, actuator wind-up etc. PLC - Basic features, standard and specialised modules, communication modules and techniques. Elements of ladder programming. Monitoring and supervision (SCADA systems) - The basic components of the supervisory control and data acquisition systems: remote I/O modules, remote station, data communication equipment and telemetry network, master station (dispatching). Software support in designing a SCADA system. Lab work: Closing a feedback through a PC - designing a digital controller to control an air heather or a DC motor, interfacing the process to the PC and closing the feedback. PLC application - Implementing a sequential control on a PLC (SLC 5/03 - Allen Bradley) to control a water reservoir system that is simulated on a PC. SCADA - Using the RSView (Rockwell International) to design a SCADA application for a water filtering process that is simulated on a PLC.

TE4URA Computer system in control applications VIII: 3+2+0