EG4ERP Power and distributive plants VII: 3+2+0 VIII: 3+2+0

Power plants. Types of the hydro power plants and hydraulic turbines. Types of the thermal power plants and steam turbines. Types of the nuclear power plants and nuclear reactors. Cost of the electric energy on the treshold of power plant. Substations. Three-phase short circuit current of the synchronous machine. Characteristic parameters of the schort circuit current. Heating and cooling of the substations elements. Electromagnetic forces due to short circuit currents. Busbars. Types of busbars. Insulators. Types of insulators. Cables. Types of the power cables. High voltage switchgear. Circuit breakers. Types of the circuit breakers. Disconnectors. Types of the disconnectors. Fuses. Instrument transformers. Current transformers for measuring and protection. Voltage transformers for measuring and protection. Power transformers. Reactors. Surge arrestrers. Substation single pole diagrams. Power line field. Transformer field. Generator field. Other types of fields in substations. Overvoltages in substations. Grounding system in substation. Reliability of substations.

EG4TVS High voltage engineering VII: 2+2+0 VIII: 2+1+1

Definition and classification of overvoltages. Lightning overvoltages. Cloud electrification, lightning mechanism, lightning parameters. Lightning influence to the overhead lines. Direct strike to the phase conductor, backflashover, shielding failure, induced overvoltages. Methods for analytical estimation of lightning overvoltages in power systems. Fast transient processes modeling in electrical power systems. Traveling waves definition, wave reflection and refraction explanation, lattice diagram and Bergeron grapho-analytical method. Lightning protection. Lightning rod, mash, electro-geometrical model for protection zone estimation. Spark gaps. Surge arresters SiC and metal oxide constructions and characteristics. Surge arresters selection. Internal overvoltages. Switching overvoltages. Line energetization and line reclosing overvoltages. Switching small inductive and capacitive currents. Temporary overvoltages. Single pole faults overvoltages, ferro-rezonans overvoltages. Insulation coordination. High voltage laboratory equipment. High voltage test transformers, voltage surge generators, current surge generators, high frequency high voltage transformer. Measurements in high voltage laboratories. Measuring high voltages. Sphere gap, electrostatic voltmeters, voltage dividers, optical methods in high voltage measurements. Overvoltage and great current surge registration. Digital acquisition systems in high voltage laboratories.

EG4AE1 Power systems analysis 1 VII: 3+2+0

Historical overview of power systems. Basic concepts of power systems, voltage drops and loss calculations. Reactive power compensation: shunt and series capacitors. Short circuit computations using symmetrical components and matrix methods (Z – bus and Y – bus approaches). Positive, negative and zero impedances of power system elements. Short circuit effects and their limitations.

EG4DIM Distributive and industrial power networks VII: 3+2+0

Distribution networks: Distribution networks function and perspectives. Load categorization. Distribution network analysis. Elements of distribution networks and their characteristics: overhead and underground lines, transformers, switching and protective devices, control devices. Distribution network planning criteria. Distribution network operation: voltage control, loss minimization, reconfiguration. Basic conceptual solutions for high, medium and low voltage distribution networks. Distribution automation and protection. Monitoring and control in distribution networks. Quality of electrical supply. Industrial networks: Industrial load classification. Harmonics. Typical conceptual solutions for industrial networks. Planning and operation of industrial networks. Power factor correction.

EG4EP Electromotor drives VII: 2+2+0

EG4PR Processing computers VII: 2+2+0

EG4AE2 Power systems analysis 2 VIII: 3+2+0

Load flow calculations. Numerical methods and applications in power systems: Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, Stott and DC method. Power system stability. Steady-state concept of stability. Linearized dynamic model (dynamic stability) and transient stability. Voltage stability calculations. Thermal ratings of overhead and cable conductors.

EG4EV Electrical vehiceles VIII: 3+1+0

Introduction. Scope and overview of the course, prerequisites, literature. Newton\'s equation of motion. Moment of inertia. Mechanical transmission. Power, energy. Steady state characteristics. Quadrants. Stability. Enclosures and degrees of mechanical protection. Overload capabilities. Heating: losses, critical parts, temperature restrictions. Heating and cooling time constants. Classification of modes of operation. Equivalent methods. Electrical drive as a dynamic system. Methods of analyses: operator domain, state-space. Linearization. Transfer functions, Characteristic equation. Eigenvalues, dynamic block diagram.

Drives with DC motors: Mechanical construction of motor and principle of operation. Separately excited motor. Equivalent circuit. Mathematical model. Block diagram. Armature voltage, field and combined control. Steady state characteristics. Breaking: regenerative, counter-current, dynamic. State-space model of the motor. Linear case. Linearization of the general case. Eigenvalues, system matrix (stability, damping factor, oscillatory response) Dynamic block diagram. Operator method of analysis. Computer analyses and simulation of dynamic behavior of the complete drive system.

Power converter for DC drives. Rectifiers, thyristor, PWM converters. Choppers. Ward-Leonard drive.

Drives with AC motors: Induction motors: Mechanical construction, principle of operation. Advantages of the drive with induction motor. Equivalent circuit. Energy flow. Torque. Steady state characteristics. Kloss\' formula. Influence of voltage, frequency, resistance and inductance to the steady state characteristics. Breaking of the induction motor.

Dynamics of the induction motor drive. Transformation of the motor model. Reference axes. Dynamic equivalent circuit. Induction motor as a dynamic system. Control of induction motor. Control through the stator voltage, variation of rotor resistance. Control by variable frequency (principles, advantages and disadvantages). Field oriented control (principles, comparation with DC drive). Direct torque control (principles, model, advantages, disadvantages, implementation).

Power converters for AC drives. Voltage controllers, soft-starters. Frequency converters. Voltage source inverters. PWM inverters. Current source frequency converters.

EG4IEM Testing of electrical machines VIII: 2+0+3

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES: (active) power, reactive power, resistances, error evaluation. MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE: analog and digital methods, measurement errors, regulations, thermocouples, resistance thermometers, optic fibre thermometry. MEASUREMENT OF REVOLVING SPEED: tachometers, slip measurement, tacho-generators, digital methods. MEASUREMENT OF TORQUES AND CORRESPONDING POWER; brakes, electric dynamometer, torsional meter, electrical brakes, stability of opereation; digital methods in non-stationary processes. EFFICIECY EVALUATION: direct method, recuperation (energy recovery) method, separation-of-losses method, stopping method. TRANSFORMER TESTING: basic type and series tests. INDUCTION MACHINE TESTING: basic type and series tests. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE TESTING: basic type and series tests. DIRECT-CURRENT MACHINE TESTING: basic type and series tests. LAB SESSIONS (compulsory drill sessions in laboratories; 14 sessions lasting 3 hours each).

EG4EK Economy VIII: 3+1+0

EG4LES Lab work in power systems VIII: 0+0+2

1.The transformer winding voltage distribution 2.The series ferroresonance 3.The single line voltage surge distribution 4.The three-phase line commuting overvoltages 5.The single overhead line steady-state measurements 6.The conductor heating characteristics 7.The electrolytic tub modeling of grounding systems 8.The three-phase transformer tests 9.The line reactive power shunt compensation

EG4AES Power systems analysis VII: 3+2+0

Historical overview of power systems. Basic concepts of power systems, voltage drops and loss calculations. Reactive power compensation: shunt and series capacitors. Short circuit computations using symmetrical components and matrix methods (Z - bus and Y - bus approaches). Positive, negative and zero impedances of power system elements. Short circuit effects and their limitations.

EG4UEP Power converters control VIII: 2+2+0

Important parameters of power switching transistors. Base drive of the switching power transistors, standard and height performance base drive circuits. Controlled base current, auto protecting and auto regulating drive circuits. The Darlington as a switch. Thyristor and GTO firing and control circuits. Power MOSFET transistor and IGBT switching behavior, protective, drive and control circuits. Semiconductor switches integrated drive and control circuits. Integrated PWM control. Control loops on power converter circuits. Current and voltage floating measurement and feedback circuits. Motor drives integrated controllers and drive circuits. Switchmode power supplies.

EG4E Electoheat VIII: 2+1+1.5

Definition of electroheating processes in thermodynamic systems. Overview of the use of electoheating processes in industry. Elements in the design of electoheating technologies. Measurements and control of temperature. Heat exchange between thermodynamic systems and their surroundings: the heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation; steady-state and transient processes; analytical and numerical methods for determining temperature distribution. The general definition of electrical heating using the Pointing theorem. Types of electrical heating: electro-resistive, dielectric, free ions and electrons. Definition of electroheating plants and their elements: heating devices and furnaces - fundamentals of construction and constructive materials. Connection of the heating devices and furnaces to the electrical distribution network through power converters. Some electroheating plants with resistive, dielectric, free electron, free ions, and induction heating.

Laboratory exercises:

1. Temperature measurements using its macroscopic electrical effects

2. Determination of space distribution of the radiation

3. Determination of the natural convection heat transfer coefficient from the hot surface to the ambient air

4. Application of analogy between electrical and heat processes

5. Wood drying using high-frequency dielectric heating and indirect infra-red resistance heating

6. Electric arc and its characteristics

7. Computer simulation of the heating processes using the finite element method

8. Induction heating

9. Heat pumps based on the application of the Peltier effect

EG4EPP Electrical drives VII: 2+2+0 VIII: 2+2+1,5

Introduction. Scope and overview of the course, prerequisites, literature. Newton's equation of motion. Moment of inertia. Mechanical transmission. Power, energy. Steady state characteristics. Quadrants. Stability. Enclousores and degrees of mechanical protection. Overload capabilities. Heating: losses, critical parts, temperature restrictions. Heating and cooling time constants. Classification of modes of operation. Equivalent methods. Electrical drive as a dynamic sistem. Methods of analyses: operator domain, state-space. Linearisation. Transfer functions, Characteristic equation. Eigenvalues, dynamic block diagram.

Drives with DC motors: Mechanical construction of motor and principle of operation. Separately excited motor. Equivalent circuit. Mathematical model. Block diagram. Armature voltage, field and combined control. Steady state characteristics. Breaking: regenerative, counter-current, dynamic. State-space model of the motor. Linear case. Linearisation of the general case. Eigenvalues, system matrix (stability, damping factor, oscillatory response) Dynamic block diagram. Operator method of analysis. Computer analyses and simulation of dynamic behaviour of the complete drive system.

Series field motor. Mathematical model, block diagram. Steady state operation, breaking. Dynamics, analyses, modeling.

Power converter for DC drives. Rectifiers, thyristor, PWM converters. Choppers. Ward-Leonard drive.

Drives with AC motors: Induction motors: Mechanical construction, principle of operation. Advantages of the drive with induction motor. Equivalent circuit. Energy flow. Torque. Steady state characteristics. Kloss' formula. Influence of voltage, frequency, resistance and inductance to the steady state characteristics, Unsymmetrical supply. Breaking of the induction motor.

Sinchronous motor. Mechanical construction, principle of operation. Torque: synchronous, salient, asynchronous. Breaking. Characterstics of the drive with synchronous motor.

Dynamics of the induction motor drive. Transformation of the motor model. Reference axes. Dynamic equivalent circuit. Induction motor as a dynamic system. Control of induction motor. Control through the stator voltage, variation of rotor resistance. Contol by variable frequency (principles, advantages and disadvantages). Field oriented control (principles, comparation with DC drive). Direct torque control (principles, model, advantages, disadvantages, implementation).

Control of synchronous and other types of motors. Salient poles motors. Motors with double saliency (SR-motors).

Power converters for AC drives. Voltage controllers, soft-starters. Frequency converters. Voltage source inverters. PWM inverters. Current source frequency converters.

EG4TVN High voltage engineering VII: 2+2+0

1. Introduction of overvoltages

2. Lightning overvoltages

2.1 Thunder activity

2.2 Electrical and meteorological parameters

2.3 Traveling waves

2.4 Calculation methods of transmission lines transients

2.5 Modeling of system elements

2.6 Lightning discharges into the overhead lines

2.7 Lightning protection

2.8 Risk of insulation failure

2.9 Protection of electrical installations against lightning discharge

3. Switching overvoltages

3.1 Switch on and switch off of unloaded transmission line

3.2 Switch off of small capacitive currents

3.3 Switch off of small inductive currents

3.4 Switch off of transmission line with automatically repeated switch on

4. DC, AC and impulse high voltage generation

4.1 DC Generator

4.2 AC Generator

4.3 Impulse high voltage generator

4.4 Impulse current generator

5. High voltage equipment proof

6. Measurement and registration methods

6.1 Conventional method of voltage measurement

6.2 Conventional method of current measurement

6.3 Unconventional methods of voltage and current measurement

Bibliography

1. Savić M.S., Stojković Z. : High voltage technique - lightning overvoltages, Monograph, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 2nd Edition, Belgrade, 2001., p.536.

2. Milanković Lj. : High voltage technique, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 1978, p.550.

3. Schwab, A.J. : High-voltage measurement techniques, Springer Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York, 1972.

4. Bowdler, G. W. : Measurements in High-voltage test circuits, Pergamon press, Oxford - New York - Toronto - Sydney - Braunschweig, 1973.